Igqugquzelwa ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki, iziphathimandla zibeke umbono wazo kokuthile okukhulu kakhulu: inkomishi yekhofi ozoyihamba.
Igqugquzelwa ukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki, iziphathimandla zibeke umbono wazo kokuthile okukhulu kakhulu: inkomishi yekhofi ozoyihamba.
I-People's Republic of Berkeley, Calif., iyaziqhenya ngobuholi bayo kuzo zonke izinto zomphakathi nezemvelo.Idolobha elincane elikhululekile empumalanga yeSan Francisco lalingelinye lamadolobha okuqala ase-US ukwamukela ukugaywa kabusha kwe-curbside.Ivimbele i-styrofoam futhi kusesekuseni kakhulu ukuthi ithathe izikhwama zokuthenga zepulasitiki.Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, umkhandlu wedolobha laseBerkeley waqaphela isishayo semvelo esisha: Inkomishi yekhofi esele izohamba.
Cishe izinkomishi ezilahlwayo eziyizigidi ezingama-40 zijikijelwa edolobheni unyaka nonyaka, ngokusho komkhandlu wedolobha, cishe eyodwa isakhamuzi ngosuku.Ngakho-ke ngoJanuwari, idolobha lathi kuzodinga ukuthi izitolo zekhofi zikhokhise amasenti angu-25 engeziwe kumakhasimende asebenzisa inkomishi yokuya kude."Ukulinda akuseyona inketho," kusho uSophie Hahn, ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha laseBerkeley owabhala lo mthetho, ngaleso sikhathi.
Njengoba zikhungethwe udoti, iziphathimandla emhlabeni wonke zivimbela iziqukathi nezinkomishi zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa kanye.I-Europe ithi izinkomishi zeziphuzo zepulasitiki kufanele ziphele ngo-2021. I-India ifuna ukuthi ziphele ngo-2022. I-Taiwan yabeka umnqamulajuqu ka-2030. Izinkokhiso ezifana nekaBerkeley cishe zizovama kakhulu emzamweni wokushintsha ngokushesha ukuziphatha kwabathengi ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa okwengeziwe.
Kumaketango afana ne-Starbucks Corp., edlula izinkomishi ezicishe zibe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha ngonyaka, lokhu akumelanga ngaphansi kwenkinga ekhona.I-Dunkin' isanda kuziqamba kabusha ukuze ingagcizeleli umsuka wayo we-donut futhi manje yenza cishe amaphesenti angu-70 emali engenayo ngeziphuzo zekhofi.Kodwa futhi kuyinkinga ecindezelayo kuMcDonald's Corp. kanye nomkhakha wokudla okusheshayo obanzi kakhulu.
Abaphathi kade basola ukuthi lolu suku luzofika.Ngokwehlukana futhi ndawonye, bebesebenzela enye indlela evumelana nemvelo kunenkomishi yephepha enezingqimba zepulasitiki, enezindonga ezimbili, enezivalo zepulasitiki iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi.
"Kuyawukhathaza umphefumulo wami," kusho uScott Murphy, isikhulu esiphezulu se-Dunkin' Brands Group Inc., ehamba ngezinkomishi zekhofi eziyisigidigidi ngonyaka.Usebenzela ukulungisa kabusha izinkomishi zaleli qembu kusukela lazibophezela ukuthi lizoyeka ukusebenzisa igwebu ngo-2010. Kulo nyaka, izitolo zayo zigcine sezishintshela ezinkomishi zephepha, kanti zisaqhubeka nokuhlohla ngezinto ezintsha kanye nemiklamo.
“Kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho abantu abasinika udumo ngakho,” kusho uMurphy.“Leyo nkomishi iwukuxhumana okusondele kakhulu nabathengi bethu.Kuyingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo wethu namagugu ethu.”
Izinkomishi ezilahlwayo ziwukusungulwa kwesimanjemanje.Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, abameli bezempilo yomphakathi babemagange ukuvimbela inkomishi yohlobo oluhlukile—isitsha sokuphuza somphakathi, ithani elihlanganyelwe noma inkomishi yengilazi eshiywe eduze kwemithombo yokuphuza.Lapho u-Lawrence Luellen egunyaza inkomishi yokulahla ene-wax, wayikhokhisa njengento emisha kwezokuhlanzeka, indlela yokuvimbela izifo ezifana nenyumoniya nesifo sofuba.
Isiko lekhofi lokuhamba alizange livele kwaze kwaba ngemva kwesikhathi eside.I-McDonald's yethula ukudla kwasekuseni ezweni lonke ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970.Eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi kamuva, i-Starbucks yavula isitolo sayo sama-50.Kanye no-Dunkin', laba abathathu manje bathengisa cishe amabhiliyoni angama-20 ekhofi ngonyaka, ngokusho kwesilinganiso esivela kumhlaziyi we-BTIG LLC u-Peter Saleh.
Khonamanjalo, izinkampani ezifana ne-Georgia-Pacific LLC kanye ne-International Paper Co. zikhule kanye nemakethe yezinkomishi ezilahlwayo, efike ku-$12 billion ngo-2016. Ngo-2026, kulindeleke ukuthi isondele ku-$20 billion.
I-US yenza cishe izinkomishi zekhofi zephepha, zepulasitiki nezigwebu ezilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-120 unyaka ngamunye, noma cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zengqikithi yomhlaba wonke.Cishe zonke zazo zokugcina—amaphesenti angu-99,75—zigcina seziwudoti, lapho ngisho nezinkomishi zephepha zingathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ukubola.
Igagasi lokuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki likhuthaze imizamo emisha yokunqanda udoti wezinkomishi.Iziqukathi zokudla neziphuzo ziyinkinga enkulu kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi zikhiqiza udoti ophindwe ka-20 kunezikhwama zepulasitiki eziwenza kunoma iyiphi indawo.Kodwa ukubuyela ezikhwameni zendwangu ezingasetshenziswa kabusha kulula.Ngezinkomishi zekhofi ozohamba ngazo, ayikho enye indlela elula.U-Berkeley ukhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuthi zilethe inkomishi yokuhamba—vele uyiphonse esikhwameni sakho sokuthenga esisebenziseka kabusha!—futhi kokubili i-Starbucks ne-Dunkin' zinikeza izaphulelo kulabo abazenzayo.
Izitolo zekhofi ziyazi ukuthi izinkomishi ezisebenziseka kabusha ziyisixazululo esihle, kodwa njengamanje, kuma-franchise zingaba uhlobo "lwephupho elibi lokusebenza," kusho uMurphy kaDunkin.Amaseva awasoze azi ukuthi inkomishi ingcolile noma kufanele iyigeze, futhi kunzima ukwazi ukuthi ingakanani ukugcwalisa ikhofi elincane noma elimaphakathi ekomeni enkulu.
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, i-Starbucks yathembisa ukuthi izonikeza amaphesenti angama-25 ekhofi layo kumakomishi ohambo lomuntu siqu.Selokhu yawafinyelela amagoli ayo phansi.Inkampani inikeza isaphulelo kunoma ubani oletha inkomishi yakhe, futhi kusasele cishe amaphesenti angu-5 kuphela amakhasimende afikayo.Yengeze okwesikhashana inkokhiso engu-5 pence ezinkomishini ezilahlwayo e-UK ngonyaka owedlule, yathi kwenyuke ukusetshenziswa kwenkomishi esebenziseka kabusha ngamaphesenti ayi-150.
Kuthathe iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ukuthi uDunkin' athole enye inkomishi yegwebu elisayinwe.Umzamo wangaphambi kwesikhathi wawudinga izivalo ezintsha, ngokwazo okunzima ukuzigaya kabusha.Ama-prototypes enziwe ngamaphesenti angu-100 wezinto ezigaywe kabusha eziboshelwe futhi zathiwa phansi.Inkomishi eyenziwe ngemicu yamakhowe yayithembisa ukubola kalula, kodwa kwakubiza kakhulu ukuyikhulisa ibe mikhulu.
Iketango lagcina lizinze enkomishini yephepha enezindonga ezimbili ezinezindonga zepulasitiki, eziwugqinsi ngokwanele ukuvikela izandla zama-sippers ngaphandle komkhono wangaphandle futhi zihambisana nezivalo ezikhona.Zenziwe ngephepha elitholakala ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha futhi ziwohloka ngokushesha kunegwebu, kodwa lokho mayelana nakho—kubiza kakhulu ukuzenza futhi azikwazi ukuphinda zisetshenziswe ezindaweni eziningi.
Izinkomishi zephepha ziyaziwa ukuthi zinzima ukuzisebenzisa kabusha.Ama-recyclers akhathazeke ngokuthi ama-linings epulasitiki azogcoba imishini yawo, ngakho-ke ahlala eyithumela kudoti.Kunemishini emithathu kuphela “ye-batch pulper” eNyakatho Melika ekwazi ukuhlukanisa ulayini wepulasitiki nephepha.
Uma amadolobha engakwazi ukwenza ngcono ukugaywa kabusha ngesilinganiso esikhulu, cishe inkomishi yekhofi eyodwa kwezingama-25 ingase igaywe kabusha eminyakeni embalwa nje, ukusuka kweyoku-1 kwezingama-400, ngokusho kweqembu lase-UK le-Paper Cup Recovery & Recycling.Lokho "uma" okukhulu.Abathengi bavamise ukujikijela izinkomishi zabo zekhofi ezinamathiselwe kuzivalo zabo zepulasitiki, okumele zihlukaniswe ngaphambi kokuthi zigaywe kabusha, ngokwehlukana 1 .UDunkin' uthi usebenzisana nomasipala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkomishi ezingase zigaywe kabusha zizoba khona ngempela.“Uhambo—angicabangi ukuthi luyoke luphele,” kusho uMurphy kaDunkin.I-McDonald's Corp. muva nje ihlanganyele nabakwa-Starbucks nezinye izindawo zokudlela eziphakela ngokushesha ukuze kubuyiselwe u-$10 million we-NextGen Cup Challenge—“isithombe senyanga” sokuthuthukisa, ukusheshisa kanye nokukala inkomishi esimeme kakhudlwana.NgoFebhuwari, umncintiswano wamemezela abawine abangu-12, okuhlanganisa nezinkomishi ezenziwe ngebhodi lephepha elivundisiwe neligaywa kabusha;ukuthuthukiswa kolwelwesi olusekelwe esitshalweni olungagcina uketshezi lungaphakathi;kanye nezikimu okuhloswe ngazo ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwenkomishi engasetshenziswa kabusha.
“Sifuna izixazululo ezingase zisebenziseke ngokwesikhathi esiseduze kanye nezinto ezifisayo,” kusho uBridget Croke, iphini likamongameli wezindaba zangaphandle e-Closed Loop Partners, inkampani yokutshalwa kwezimali egxile ekusetshenzisweni kabusha ephethe le nselelo.
Inkomishi engehlisa isithunzi ngokushesha ingaba yisixazululo esisodwa - ukuvinjelwa kweYurophu kwenza okuhlukile ezinkomishini ezivundisiwe ezihlakazeka emasontweni ayi-12 - kepha noma inkomishi enjalo ibitholakala kalula futhi ingabizi, i-US ayinayo eyanele yezimboni. izindawo zokuvundisa ezidingekayo ukuze zibhidlizwe.Uma kunjalo, baqonde ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, lapho bengeke abole nhlobo 2.
Emhlanganweni wabo waminyaka yonke ngo-2018, i-Starbucks yahlola buthule inkomishi yekhofi eyenziwe ngezingxenye ezigaywe kabusha zezinye izinkomishi zekhofi, ebhekwa kabanzi njenge-grail engcwele yenkomishi yekhofi.Kwakuyisenzo sobuciko bokusebenza njenganoma yini enye: Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza okulinganiselwe, iketango lekhofi laqoqa amaloli ezinkomishi futhi lazithumela ukuthi zicutshungulwe ku-Sustana batch pulper e-Wisconsin.Ukusuka lapho, imicu yaya embonini yephepha yase-WestRock Co. eTexas ukuze iguqulwe ibe izinkomishi, ezanyatheliswa ngezimpawu enye inkampani.Ngisho noma inkomishi elandelayo yayingcono endaweni ezungezile, inqubo eyasetshenziswa ukuyenza yayingeyona neze. 't.“Kunenselelo enkulu yobunjiniyela lapha,” kusho iCroke Loop’s Croke."Bekucacile ukuthi izixazululo izinkampani ebezisebenza kuzo ukuxazulula lolu daba bezingakasheshi ngokwanele."
Ngakho-ke ohulumeni, njengoBerkeley, abalindile.Umasipala uhlole izakhamizi ngaphambi kokuba uzikhokhise wathola ukuthi uzoqinisekisa abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-70 ukuthi baqale ukuza nezinkomishi zabo ngenkokhelo engaphezu kuka-25 cent, kusho uMiriam Gordon, umqondisi wezinhlelo eqenjini elingenzi nzuzo i-Upstream, elisize uBerkeley ukuthi abhale umthetho walo. inkokhiso ihloselwe ukuba ukuhlola ukuziphatha komuntu, kunentela evamile.Izitolo zekhofi zaseBerkeley zigcina izinkokhelo ezengeziwe futhi zingakwazi ngisho nokwehlisa amanani azo ukuze lokho umthengi akukhokhayo kungashintshi.Kumele kucace nje ukuthi kunemali ekhokhwayo."Kufanele kubonakale ekhasimendeni," kusho uGordon.Yilokho okwenza abantu bashintshe indlela abaziphatha ngayo.”
Konke lokhu kwaba kubi kakhulu ngo-2018 lapho i-China inquma ukuthi inodoti owanele okufanele ikhathazeke ngawo futhi iyeka ukucubungula "okungcolisiwe" -- okuxubile -- udoti ovela kwamanye amazwe.
Izinto ezivundisayo zidinga ukugeleza komoya mahhala ukuze ziwohloke.Ngenxa yokuthi izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu zivaliwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza, ngisho nenkomishi eklanyelwe ukuphuka ngokushesha ayikutholi ukujikeleza komoya okudingeka ikwenze lokho.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-25-2019